Europe, World 

Nineteenth-century Ireland began and ended in armed revolt. The bloody insurrections of 1798 were the proximate reasons for the passing of the Act of Union two years later. The 'long nineteenth century' lasted until 1922, by which time the institutions of modern Ireland were in place against a background of the Great War, the Ulster rebellion and the armed uprising of nationalist Ireland. The years between 1800 and 1922 were an attempt to make the union work. In the words of Professor Boyce's subtitle, they represented a search for stability - the hope that, in an imperial structure, the ethnic, religious and national differences of the inhabitants of Ireland could be reconciled and eliminated. The search for stability proved elusive. Nationalist Ireland - overwhelmingly Catholic - mobilised a mass democratic movement under O'Connell to secure Catholic Emancipation before seeing its world transformed by the social cataclysm of the Great Famine. At the same time, the Protestant north-east of Ulster was feeling the first benefits of the Industrial Revolution. Although post-Famine Ireland modernised rapidly, only the north-east had a modern economy. The mixture of Protestantism and manufacturing industry integrated into the greater United Kingdom and gave a new twist to the traditional Irish Protestant hostility to Catholic political demands. In the home rule period from the 1880s to 1914, the prospect of partition moved from being almost unthinkable to being almost inevitable. Nineteenth-century Ireland collapsed in the various wars and rebellions of 1912-22. Like many other parts of Europe than and since, it had proved that an imperial superstructure can contain domestic ethnic rivalries, but cannot always eliminate them. In Ireland, the malign divisions of history proved too strong. The search for stability failed. '...a substantial and thoroughly crafted study of a very complex period...His virtues as a historian predominate - clarity of thought and style, and a mastery of the telling quotation, which penetrates to the heart of the matter.' "The Irish Times". - from Amzon